Probiotics are live microorganisms, primarily bacteria and sometimes yeasts, that are intended to provide health benefits when consumed. They are often referred to as "good" or "friendly" bacteria because they can help maintain or restore the natural balance of the gut microbiota, which is the community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract.
These microorganisms are similar to those naturally found in the human body, especially in the intestines. Probiotics are commonly found in fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi, as well as in dietary supplements. The most common types belong to the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, though other strains, including Saccharomyces boulardii, are also used.
One of the primary roles of probiotics is to support digestive health. They may help alleviate symptoms of certain gastrointestinal conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. This is thought to occur through several mechanisms, including competing with harmful bacteria, reinforcing the intestinal barrier, and modulating immune responses.
Probiotics also interact with the immune system, potentially enhancing its function by promoting a balanced microbial environment. Some research suggests they may help reduce the frequency or severity of infections, particularly those related to the digestive and respiratory tracts, although results can vary depending on the strain and individual response.
Beyond the gut, probiotics may influence other aspects of health. There is emerging evidence suggesting a connection between the gut microbiota and overall well-being, including effects on mood, skin health, and metabolic functions. However, these areas are still under investigation and the effects are not yet fully understood across all populations.
It is important to note that different strains of probiotics can have different effects, so the benefits associated with one type may not apply to another. This diversity means that the impact of probiotics can vary from person to person, and what works well for one individual may not have the same effect on another.
Recommended Supplement
Effectiveness and Risk Overview
Condition | Effectiveness | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Gut Dysbiosis | Probiotics are known to restore the balance of gut microbiota, which is crucial for overall gut health and immune function, supported by a large body of evidence from clinical and preclinical studies. | |
| Diarrhea | Probiotics have been proven effective in preventing and treating various forms of diarrhea, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea and infectious diarrhea, as supported by numerous clinical trials. | |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) | Multiple clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown that probiotics significantly improve symptoms of IBS, including bloating, abdominal pain, and bowel habits. | |
| Bloating | Clinical evidence suggests that probiotics can reduce bloating and gas production, improving overall gastrointestinal comfort. | |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease | Probiotics have been shown to induce and maintain remission in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, with several clinical trials and systematic reviews supporting their efficacy. | |
| Immune System Support | Probiotics have been shown to enhance immune function by increasing antibody production and activating immune cells, supported by clinical trials and systematic reviews. | |
| Depression | Some studies indicate that probiotics may have antidepressant effects, potentially through modulation of the gut-brain axis, but more clinical trials are required. | |
| Causes infection in rare cases. | In people with weakened immune systems, probiotics can cause infections, such as bacteremia or fungemia. | |
| Interferes with gut motility. | Certain probiotics can alter gut motility, potentially worsening conditions like small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). |